Ah, for Those Affordable Fifties!

Stirred into this week’s lively discussion of inflation/deflation was the notion that although Americans seem to live better now than they did fifty or sixty years ago, our parents and grandparents would be appalled to see how deeply in hock we’ve gone to enjoy the supposed good life. And if the standard of living has risen so impressively, why is it that the single-income, middle-class household of the Fifties could afford things that are barely within the reach of households that today are supported by two incomes? Sure, your neighbor has a composite-frame trail bike that he bought for $4000, another a $30,000 movie room, and your good buddy and his wife went scuba diving in Tahiti last Christmas. But did they have to take out a home equity loan to put their kids through college? And will the kids be able to pay back their fair share out of the meager income they have begun to earn with their $150,000 degrees in business administration, journalism, advertising and English literature?

Ironically, 1950's furniture has become quite pricey

Some readers may recall the scene in the movie Back to the Future where a motorist pulled into a gas station and a swarm of attendants gave his car the kind of once-over that all filling stations routinely provided in the 1950s, checking the oil and fluid levels, and even putting air in his tires.  Setting aside the fact that this mini-inspection, if so princely an amenity were even offered, would probably add 25 cents to the price of each and every gallon of gas sold today, consider that the lowly gas-station attendants were likely in better financial shape than most middle-class couples are today. With his small monthly mortgage payments and easily manageable grocery and medical bills, the filling-station employee probably had enough left over each month (after taxes!) to accumulate a nice retirement nest egg, put his 2.2 kids through college — and remain debt-free even though his wife did not enter the work force (as a part-timer) until the kids had finished college.

Happy Hour at I-Hop

Ah, for the good old days!  In sharp contrast, many of today’s Baby Boomers have postponed their retirements indefinitely, since they’d now need at least $3 million in the bank to live comfortably on the interest that sum would return parked in Treasurys, corporate bonds or dividend-yielding stocks. And by “live comfortably,” we don’t mean cruises in the Greek Isles, winters in St. Bart’s, and golf weekends in Vegas or Maui. More like, a condo in Atlantic City and happy-hour dinners at I-Hop, since today’s “safe” investments are returning no more than 2%-3%. And would that we all had enough left over to help the kids with their down payment on a $250,000 starter home! For millions who are about to retire, it’s challenging enough trying to figure out how to downsize our own homes — and lives.

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  • RICHARD POLK DUDLEY August 15, 2010, 11:46 pm

    Both gold and silver settled on Friday August 13,2010 below a trendline started in October 2009. Also gold and silver did not go up as much as they should have due to seasonal price patterns, last week. Weekly momentum studies are pointing lower, and therefore I expect to see gold trade down to the 200 week exponential moving average=$912.00/ounce. VERY QUICKLY-by September 24.
    Silver could trade down to the 61.8 retracement of the last big move=$12.76/ounce, clearly below its 200 day exponential moving average of $14.56.
    If you recall in June 2008 I called the gold exlossion from $939.00 the day before it happened, and also my target in silver was $19.00-$20.00. It hit $19.80. Very unexpected by most at the time.
    Richard Polk Dudley
    Red Barron Trading

    • Robert August 17, 2010, 4:35 am

      I’ll believe it when I see it, but there is no way I would bet on it…

  • cosmo August 12, 2010, 7:59 am

    The use of debt for consumption is taking future income for present prosperity, and there is no free lunch, as many are finding. The people suffering today under a load of debt have no one to blame but themselves. They wanted the flat screen NOW, not in 6 months when it would be cheaper. So, as Mario says, I have empathy but no sympathy.

    The values of the 50-60’s (and those memories of Depression) allowed people to consume WITHIN THEIR MEANS. My mother tells me that her home was $21,000 in 1962(East Bay San Francisco), was bought on a FHA loan at 5.25%, payment $125/month, 1800sf and topped at around $800k a few years ago(now down about 25%). When I first heard these details around 1980 and did the math that the mortgage would more than double the cost over 30 years, I decided that I would not pay the banks interest and pay cash for things I wanted. So, I worked 20 years, saved my money, bought gold at $350 7 years ago, retired at 40 with no debt, and have traveled the world the last 6 years(and have more cash/gold now than then). I have never owned a home or bought anything on credit, but use a credit card and pay it off every month. True, I have never married and have no children, but that is a personal choice. I guess my point is that I didn’t fall in the debt trap and have lived comfortably, though some might think austere. It is just that Boomers perceptions changed from their parents and they spent themselves and the country into the poor house.

    I have lived in India for 3 out of the last 5 years as a tourist. It cost about $600/month, total living expenses, to live comfortably on the beach in Goa(and other places, but Goa is the most touristic and expensive). A few examples of costs; 1 filling w/ Xrays at dentist, $25; 17 hour train ride, sleeper class, $9; rent new Honda motor scooter 1 month, $85; 1kg tomatoes, 60 cents; cup o tea, 15-25 cents. And these prices are up significantly in the last few years.
    Also, as there are 700,000,000 Indians living on $2/day the upward pressure on wages is almost nothing. Waiters are lucky to earn $75/month and they work as long as there is a customer, at least 16 hours/day. This may be old news to you but there is a huge arbitrage in wages to be balanced and there are billion Indians to fill a $4/hour job. Can any American really expect their wages to rise anytime soon in this environment? Do you understand ‘outsourcing’?

    I was sold on inflation(and bought gold) when GWB went to war and lowered taxes at the same time. Now I am seeing it from Ricks view (and a better understanding) that wages in the US are stuck solid and the burden of debt will be crushing for homeowners(esp the ones that took a 2nd mortgage and cannot escape the bank) and others that lived on future income. Deflation is the theme at the moment, no doubt, unless the govt. really does drop money from a helicopter. Then all bets are off and you better have a nice store room of food and supplies.
    I just hope we can get through it without another war

  • Howg August 12, 2010, 4:14 am

    Even if there were no public debt and no personal debt, we’d still owe the entire money supply +interest.
    Of course, the first part of an economic cycle will look good, when debt to GDP / money supply is relatively low.
    The second part of the cycle sees debt overtaking GDP and “money” supply, REGARDLESS of personal / public debt – predictably and inevitably, (unless earnings through exports can pay off domestic debt-money). With correspondingly (higher) inflation rates as more & more “money” must be created to pay off yesterday’s interest.
    The first part of the cycle, the growth part, always looks good, and the second part always bad, as debt must be “consolidated”… and now a disaster (because the various bubbles are so huge).

    The bigger they are…

    Benjamin said:
    “… I’ve even harder time imagining why this keeps on going like it is. Why so many put up with it, I’ll never be able to fathom.”

  • BDTR August 12, 2010, 12:05 am

    It’s just this nostalgia for bobby socks, nickel Cokes & Juicy Fruit gum, penny candy, fifteen cent burgers, twenty cents a gallon gasoline and thirty-five dollar gold, that irks those of us that may not be quite old enough to fully appreciate a lifetime of I-N-F-L-A-T-I-O-N!

    It’s really a simple matter purposely convoluted to an compound agony of confusion through bastardizing definition, and may just be too simple a concept for many minds conditioned to market-speak-quaking at Fed Chair jabberwocky.

    In considering just the few items listed above @ cost a mere sixty years ago, tough as it is for young Ben to imagine, having just paid $3.50 for a coke in the not-so-friendly skies, $1.50 for a pack of Dentyne gum, $8.50 for a comparably good burger, $2.89 a gallon of gasoline and my last purchase of Gold Eagles at a tad over a grand an ounce, … there’s no significant monetary inflation impacting dollar denominated purchases. (Is there, Rick?)

    But wait!

    If I inherited 1955 $35 per ounce gold now @ $1200, that’s a multiple of roughly 35, and a ground based Coke at a more reasonable $1.50 like the Dentyne formerly @$.05 are at a multiple of 30, and generic burger @ $4.50 is a multiple of 30, and a $3 gallon of gas is a bargain multiple of only 15. Average this tiny sampling of just over half a century in dollar denominated cost at a reasonable rate of only 27.5 times, nominally speaking.

    However, if I had made the 2010 purchases with 1955 gold, I would not have paid a gram in inflated weight for the same products purchased. Had I used 1955 US Federal Reserve notes that were not Gold or Silver Certificates, I would, (and did) suffer the nominally inflated multiples. But since I used my Visa, …who cares? It isn’t really even real printed paper dollars anymore, just ….digits.

    I wonder how many digits it will cost for a 2055 Coke on a flight to da moon, …Alice?

  • Robert August 11, 2010, 9:56 pm

    Great Points of view, Rick!

    Let me add another high level observation regarding “then” vs “now”:

    The cost of a 3000sqft ranch style house on 1/2 acre in the 50’s was roughly 4x the average per capita income. Today an equivalent house is in excess of 10x the average per capita income (and that’s with TWO income earners in the house versus one in the 50’s).

    This country has gotten steadily poorer since Nixon closed the Gold window. Whether the two are linked, or merely historical coincidences, no one can deny the trends.

    Sure, 2 car families were rare and extravagent back then, but that’s mainly due to the fact that improving manufacturing capacity was not expected to decrease the value of labor capital, as it is today.

    I’ve harped on this before, but I’m going to do it again anyway- the current paper driven economic “regime” is designed to diminish the value of effort (labor capital) over time. It even goes so far as to agrandize jobs in industries where pushing paper and converting money into data in New York are the best ways to “get rich” despite the fact that zero real economic productivity is yielded from these activities.

    Is it any wonder that we’re so close to reaching the point where the willingness to work is diminishing toward zero so rapidly?

    Liekit of hate it, at least the Gold Standard gave people something to WORK for if they expected to succeed.

    Today, everyone just wants more currency data in their various electronic accounts. People bust their asses for decimal points.

  • Barry August 11, 2010, 6:33 pm

    You all can blame the “esteemed” Milton Friedman for the countrys woes by convincing Nixon to abandon the gold standard. We need its return and Russia or another country will probably be the initiator.
    Here’s an interesting opinion piece for all of you:
    http://www.marketwatch.com/story/story/print?guid=C387638C-41A3-499B-9315-5AF8940C47DD

    • Steve August 11, 2010, 7:18 pm

      I re-read the article posted Barry.

      What is missing is the accounting of the Senate going into rebellion against Lincoln’s pardon of the several States creating a voluntary military voter scam, and a new executive theory that the Commander in Chief is a g-d being bound by no law International, no Treaty, no Constitution. This bore fruit in Bush, but; was ramped up by Janet Reno at Waco and in Claims the government officer was Immune no matter what criminal act undertaken.

      Andrew Jackson opposed the rebellion of the
      Senate and House, he was impeached.

      What is created by the rebellion of the legislative branch has been wholesale breach of the Separation of Powers Doctrine with the legislative branch giving wholesale exclusive legislative power to the executive branch – Commander in Chief. Its not funny – the Veterans of Foreign Wars clearly declare Obama is a Military Power over the People.

      A.k.a. The Reconstruction Acts of 1867 created a voluntary voter scam wherein the people ‘advise’ the Commander in Chief of their view as subjects.

      All was sort of well until F.D.R. threatened to overthrow the Supreme Court. Three court cases turned the world upside down in 1934, 1936, and 1938.

      Because now, under these cases in 1934 – 1938; all naturally born, and artificial created ‘persons’ are assumed to be corporate enfranchisees unless they can prove they are not guilty of supporting the outlawry of the a.k.a. The Reconstrution Acts of 1867 to present. Because you and you are presumed to be corporate, everything you do is subject to the Commerce Clause. There are only two sources of legislative power today – Commerce Clause , heathcare, gun control, education, domestic violence – The Federal Government has no police power except in federal territory, military bases, guano islands, the district of Columbia, Article I, sec. 8, cls. 17, Article IV, sec. 3, cls. 2, but; you corporate enfranchisees of territorial 14th amendment citizenship are subjects, and subject to the Commerce Clause, and military voter scam saying Obama is the king in feudalism.

      F.D.R. then took exclusive legislative authority over Coin and produced the gold dollar in appearing maritime law, a full blown executive usurpation of the Separation of Powers Doctrine because Coin and Value are solely the legislative branch’s under Article I, sec. 8. Article II gives the executive no such power, and case law says that executive use of “coin”, and “value” is High Treason – but; the military voter scam voters keep voting for outlawry.

      This is the last line. Blame Republicans, blame Democrats all you wish. Look in the mirror – you will not defend your state, or your Nation – PERIOD ! This is not a Andrew Jackson, F.D.R., Reagan, Clinton, Bush, problem – It is YOUR problem and the people in mass assent to outlawry because they cannot consent to alienate the Unalienable “Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.” The blame game stops with the image in the mirror.

  • Rich August 11, 2010, 5:04 pm

    Perseids strong into this Friday the 13th
    http://www.space.com/spacewatch/perseid-meteor-shower-2010-impressive-start-100811.html
    Ayahuasca soccer player turned reptilian exposer David Icke suggested on the brink of his latest tour we’re on the verge of Epoch change forecast by Huxley/Blair/Orwell…
    http://www.infowars.com/

  • Rich August 11, 2010, 4:37 pm

    Meanwhile, today we are seeing some more of that “toppy” creative market destruction Rick described above.
    So far stocks down -88% in terms of gold since the Jubilee Year of 2000.
    Every faith we may see the Happy Days of Fonzi and Obi again, but not before debt usury default deflation does it’s Biblical thing yet again.
    Whether it takes a few more years or generations depends on whether banker corporate government stops trying to prevent the inevitable by robbing Paul to pay Peter.
    Banks may well lead the way down in this second crash of many more to come…

  • Jeff Kahn August 11, 2010, 4:25 pm

    Wow, you can get 2-3 percent on a safe investment? Please – let us all know how.

  • Richard2 August 11, 2010, 3:14 pm

    I would put forward two suggestions as to the cause of the premise of the article.

    First in my view a government produces no wealth. It is a just a spending of the wealth that a society produces. As the size of the government increases the wealth of its citizens must decrease in proportion. As the government has grown, taxes, inflation and cost of living have all had to grow proportionally.

    Secondly, advocacy in the form of advertising and PR firms costs money. Those costs are also built into the costs of goods. We don’t see it much since there are effects of inflation (positive) and effects of better productivity (negative) on prices of goods. One needs a moving average approach to see it more clearly. So we all pay indirectly for the ads they pitch at us to increase our willingness to buy.

    Good article. I have often thought about this question myself.

  • richard August 11, 2010, 2:41 pm

    The victory of the banksters was achieved with the politics of gradualism, just as the Jekyl Island monster was instituted in a much more benign form than exists today. It is the loss of stability, predictability, the constancy of a job at the plant for the young people in the community that is gone. Globalisation benefits seem good while you still have money, but those cheap goods reduce employment opportunity for your children and grandchildren, gut the municipal tax base and increase deficits.
    The banksters have achieved zero cost money and we are stuck with it, making us serfs to the banks and we neither know it or care.

    • Robert August 11, 2010, 10:19 pm

      Bravo

  • Bob August 11, 2010, 12:25 pm

    Start taxing companies that open plants and make the manufacturing base move overseas until it pays them to stay, that would be a start.

  • mario cavolo August 11, 2010, 11:45 am

    Hats off donniemac for living sanely and reasonably….the American debt-based excesses are indeed well on their way to dissolving to the status of a past dream life for so many. Those for whom it is tough have our empathy but let’s not spend a second feeling sorry for people who are learning to live with far too much crap they really don’t need to be happy.

    Until I moved overseas 11 years ago, I sought and found bargain deals on fabulous $3 to $5000 used cars for cash and always sold them a year or two later for no less than I paid for them. More so, only insurance liability coverage. Sure there’s some risk but you’ll most likely come out way ahead. Add up the savings…

    Cheers, Mario

    • Benjamin August 11, 2010, 8:17 pm

      “Until I moved overseas 11 years ago, I sought and found bargain deals on fabulous $3 to $5000 used cars for cash and always sold them a year or two later for no less than I paid for them. ”

      Just curious… You’re not talking about auctions, are you?

      But I totally understand about the 1-2 year rotation. With so many used crappy cars in the Chicagoland area, heck… Drive one beater into the ground, buy another when it breaks down! There was only two times over the about 11 years (what a coincidence!) that I had one crap out less than six months after I bought it. You save a ton, despite the turnover.

      Of course, for that to work, someone has to buy the new car that becomes an ageing dinosaur. That, or someone has to default on a payment in order to pick it up at the auction. So for all that we think we can get ahead, we really don’t. Wear a cup, but they still find a way to make you sing soprano!

  • Benjamin August 11, 2010, 10:04 am

    Oh, come on… A gas station attendant? That has to be hyperbole! If it was anything close to what was described, it never would have changed (short of a great natural disaster, I suppose).

    Still, I have a lot of family that grew up then and they often talk about things in the fifties being quite different than today. And they were a family of seven kids… seven kids!… being raised by my grandmother alone, as my grandfather died of kidney failure some two decades before I was even born. They were POOR poor, and yet they still speak of those times as being better! So I have to accept that they probably were better times.

    But they were there and gone, kind of like the 80s I grew up in. Fishing trips in Michigan, vacationing in the Smokies, sporting events, nintendo, good Christmases and birthdays… Of course, that was the mid 80s. The early 80s were pretty slim pickins. And just as soon as the mid 80s came, they went just as fast, kind of like the dot.com era a decade later, of easy credit and all the feel-good-about-nuthin’ that was going around.

    So I kind of have to doubt that the fifties would’ve lasted either. The question I have is… Were the 50s truly built on a different foundation than anything I’ve lived through?

    • Steve August 11, 2010, 5:03 pm

      How old are you Ben ?

      In 1971, on salary of $500.00 a month I bought a new home, in 73 bought a new car. Government services like police, and fire were far superior as was road department’s work. My wife did not need to work, and I had money to go hunting, buy R/C planes and not worry about the cost of my first son’s birth. I had no health insurance and made a deal with the hospital to pay the birth costs off in 6 months.

      I pumped gas for a buck an hour with gas at 25 cents, and at times 17 cents gallon in 1966.

      My dad put away a comfortable living that my mom, at 98, still lives on, and he was making the same $5.75 an hour that I made in the woods logging prior to taking that secure $500.00 a month job with a Cat dealer.

      What is real is that I found out last year that my dad took out a $100.00 loan in 1946 to buy an apartment house so that he could sub-divide the lot and start building the home he owned for over 50 years. That is the only loan he took in 84 years of life.

      The difference is debt, and future living practiced by nearly everyone. Dad was not compelled by the government to take on debt in the manner we are today. Forced loans by the government that now have taken free men to debtor in possession status.

      Like dad I have no credit card debt, I have no home loan, I have no obligation to the banking world. Unlike dad, if I sell everything, and everyone in the U.S. sells everything I still owe $400,000.00, as does my wife owe the same amount, as would any child we maintained in home.

      My dad was an allodialist because he extinguished the 100 note with specie Coin money. The tale of how an attorney converted an Allodial Estate to a Fee Simple Deed in trust under the law of escheats is too long for the forum.

      When I was 16 years old making 1 buck an hour, what I bought I owned. Today, the man making 300k of debt instruments cannot extinguish the debt by any means short of the blood of his body. We have given up Freedom and Our Rights for debt futures. One may be in possession, but; one is never Free and only manages the property for you legislative creator who forces more an more debt upon us no matter how we try to save.

    • Benjamin August 11, 2010, 8:04 pm

      I’m 34, Steve, so all this was well before my time. And try as I might to imagine it, I just can’t. I wish I could!

      You’re right about the blood price. But it’s not just about getting out. Never getting in, I can testify, is it’s own unique hell. Roads that should be open, aren’t, unless you go in deep. And the detours… Seems like an eternity ago, but I’ll never forget them. Avoid debt, you suffer. Get into debt, you suffer. And yes, they sure do consider you indebted even if you don’t have any visible debt!

      Anyway, while I have an impossible time imagining the 50s, I’ve even harder time imagining why this keeps on going like it is. Why so many put up with it, I’ll never be able to fathom.

    • mikeck August 12, 2010, 1:18 pm

      Yes they were…REAL MONEY. Exchanges were value for value. My story, I used to get 4 gallons of gasoline for one silver dollar in the early sixties. Today if I can find someone willing to exchange value for value, I can get at least 6 gallons for one silver dollar.

  • donniemac August 11, 2010, 5:07 am

    A good retirement costs a lot less than dollar amounts tossed around in most articles today. But you have to plan and you have to be willing to live in low cost of living areas. Since I retired 11 years ago, we have lived in the Florida Keys, Williamsburg, VA (within walking distance -1 mile- of the restored area) and now Athens, GA. We moved from the Keys to take care of my parents, moved from Williamsburg to get my father closer to my younger brother who lives in the Atlanta area.
    We did a lot of overseas travel when we worked. While there are several places we would like to visit, the probability of going there is slim due to the hammering we have taken in the market. But we have spent a lot of time in Europe.
    Living in a college town like Athens presents us with many low cost activities centered around the university. Plus there is the music scene here that also provides lots of low cost entertainment nightly. We are 3 hours from Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 4 hours from the Atlantic, 6-7 Hours to Biloxi, 8 hours to Tampa, all in all not very far from a variety of cost and interests vacation spots.
    Before we bought our house in Marathon, we had two timeshare weeks, one of which we still own. So every year we have a nice week long vacation in the Florida Keys. And that does not include going down and staying with friends.
    Being a college town, entertainment dollars go a long way and the cost of housing is reasonable. Not much participation in the bubble and not a lot of depreciation so far. About 5% since we bought and we bought at the height of the bubble. A side note, this house would of cost 2.5 times as much in Williamsburg.
    Excellent medical facilities, low cost housing and entertainment, a large variety of activities, all in all a good place to live. And there are many places like Athens all over the country, you just have to find one that suits you.
    When we lived in Williamsburg, we had a sailboat that we kept in Norfolk. We bought it used, used it as a vacation home, did a little sailing, and sold it for what we paid so our costs were in the slip fees, insurance, maintenance, and operating costs. Again, another example of a little planning going a long ways. We had a 2nd home for about $200/ month. And we could go boating on it.
    We were lucky, I have an excellent medical plan, and knock on wood, it will not get so expensive I cannot afford it before my wife and I reach Medicare age. I am relying on SSI payments much more than I planned but still am able to enjoy myself. And I do not eat at the IHOP – LOL.
    If I had $3 million dollars, I would be on easy street, that is considerably more than I retired on. When I am asked how can one afford to be retired, my answer is “the theory is easy, the execution is hard. All you have to do is reduce your cost of living to match your income.” And the reality is that is how to financially succeed at life no matter what your age.
    And in fairness, I need to point out that we are childless so we did not have those expenses, we lived modestly (although on the water on Gwynn’s Island, VA), we were lucky in our investments for retirement, we did as much traveling as we could, we learned the credit lesson early in our marriage, we did not overspend (for example, while we could of afforded a larger boat when we lived on the water, a 13 foot Boston Whaler suited our needs and that is what we owned)- again living modestly. It is not rocket science and short of a complete economic collapse, I fear not the future. I have approximately 7% of our liquid (including IRAs) wealth in precious metals, half in numismatic gold and half in bullion gold and silver.
    There are events and factors that are beyond my ability to plan or influence. So I try and live the serenity prayer.
    Rick, If you think I am providing too much info, please edit. thx, Don

    &&&&&

    Too much info? Hardly, Don. Thanks for an exceptionally informative and illuminating post — and for sharing the wisdom about money that you’ve accumulated over the course of your life. RA

  • Other Paul August 11, 2010, 4:16 am

    America was in a unique position after WWII, basically the only intact manufacturer standing, and “in charge” of the world currency. Most of the American breadwinners had relatively good jobs and steady incomes. The soundness of the dollar changed in the Sixties when guns (Vietnam) and butter (especially the New Society) economy was designed and executed.

    In the Sixties, silver dimes and quarters vanished from circulation–a small sign of things to come in the inflationary Seventies when Japan’s, Germany’s and other nations’ economies recovered and competed with our goods and labor. Oh, and there was the OPEC embargo “thingy.”

    The Fifties and Sixties had their luxuries, air travel, for instance. A week or two summer vacation and Christmas presents were about the most common and only “splurges.”

    My weekend job during the latter part of high school was as a gas station attendant. Yes, I did clean the front and back windows and tried to convince the driver to let me check the oil. My boss rewarded me 5 cents for each quart of oil I sold on top of my $1.25/hr. No other “benefits.” We won’t see those sub-30 cent/gal prices until the depression really kicks in.

    Bankers and politicians have conspired to give away the value of the dollar. The Seventies marked the end of the possibility of a one-earner family making ends meet without credit or a second earner or job.

    Now more people than ever in America are dependent on Government “butter” (transfer payments and services). The “guns” part of the equation is still very much evident and costly in Treasury, and in lives of our brave soldiers.

    American will borrow from all corners of the globe to support the guns and butter programs, until our creditors run out of money or they lose interest and principal. Our lifestyles are unsustainable. Prices for goods and labor have to fall and transfers payments / benefits decline. China and other nations are even more competitive than our Seventies’ rivals.

    Somethins gotta give.